抄録

　本稿は，中華人民共和国成立前後，すなわち1950 年代を研究対象時期とし，中国共産党の通信システム・機要交通の制度的な展開とその実態を分析するものである．機要交通とは，交通員という密使を介して党組織の間で情報を伝達するという古典的な通信方法である．その発端は，中国共産党が1920 年代の結党初期から長らく用いていた「単線的な連絡」という秘密主義的な活動形態に求めることができる．

　中華人民共和国成立前後，革命根拠地時代の分散体制，党委員会主導体制，軍主導体制など様々な試行錯誤を経て，1957 年に中国共産党はソ連モデルを借用し，党委員会（機要交通）と郵便（機要通信）の二元体制下の通信システムを設立し，今日に至っている．このシステムには多少の問題があったが，共産党による一党支配を盤石なものにする上でこのシステムは極めて重要な装置であった．

abstract

Since the 1920s, the Chinese Communist Party has heavily relied on a special confidential communication system, the jiyao jiaotong, as its most important tool for organizational communication. Yet until now, we have had little knowledge about its establishment and development, as well as its merits and deficiencies. Focusing on the period of the 1950s, this research reveals the system’s organizational structure and the role of its postmen (jiaotongyuan). The findings are as follows. First, after experimenting with both party and military control, the CCP ultimately settled upon a separate management model for the specialized system whereby power is shared by the Party and the State Post Bureau. Second, this model originated from the Soviet Union and has been preserved until today. Finally, while the model has greatly improved communication efficacy and information confidentiality, the Party has failed to motivate its postmen and is yet to propose an effective solution for this problem.